ABSTRACT
The corona virus disease 2019（COVID-19）pandemic induced by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a major global public health threat. Both the SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV etiologic agents belong to the subfamily of beta human coronavirus, and their genomic similarity is up to 79.6%. Both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infect the host cell through angiotensin converting enzyme-2. At present, it has been shown that SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with conjunctivitis. Therefore, that whether the SARS-COV-2 can be infected or transmitted through the eye is also of great concern, but it still a lack of clinically confirmed cases and laboratory evidence of its ocular transmission. This review focuses on the etiological characteristics, epidemiologic features, ocular presentation of SARS-CoV-2 and the conjunctival sac infection rate, and the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 transmission through the ocular tissue will be discussed. © 2021, Xinxiang Medical University. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Purpose: The emergency of the COVID-19 pandemic has affected organizations differently, leading to adopting alternative business operation models, including digital technologies. The rapid adoption of digital technologies during the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrates how adaptive technologies intersect with human and social institutions in potentially risky or inequitable ways. However, the sustenance of the digital transformations (DTs) induced by the COVID-19 crisis is still unclear. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the sustenance of DTs accelerated by the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic response in the Tanzanian context amid the crisis. Design/methodology/approach: The study used a qualitative approach that included a literature review and semi-structured interviews with Information and Communication Technology (ICT) personnel from selected public institutions in Tanzania. The interviews elicited interviewees’ perspectives on the following: the digital revolution that occurred during the COVID-19 outbreak;how it affects their work;and the country’s future digital landscape. Additionally, a literature analysis established and generalized the practices used by the governments during the COVID-19 crisis. Findings: The results show that there is enormous, colossal press toward adopting digital solutions. The use of digital technologies, such as digital payments, e-commerce, telemedicine and online education, has attracted the attention of businesses and individuals in Tanzania. Consequently, the move has enabled the country to cope with the cascading impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and progressive economic recovery to achieve its development goals. Furthermore, the findings offer policy strategies for taking the induced DTs to the next level and sustaining it. Originality/value: This study reports the lessons from the DTs induced by COVID-19 and their sustenance. It also contributes toward forward-thinking reforms and policy measures that could help Tanzania and the likes harness the DTs'’ potential in the wake of the pandemic. © 2022, Emerald Publishing Limited.